ID
214782
Edo designations
English designations
Relief Plaque
Fragment
Categories
Palace Architecture & Ornamentation
Location
1 Adesogbe (Plymouth) Road, P.M.B. 1115, Benin City , Edo State
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Iconographies

1 annotations
Equal-armed cross
Uman-ague
Equal-armed cross

Uman-ague is a badge in the form of an equal-armed cross. The cross with straight-sided arms is known as the “Greek cross,” while the type with V-shaped arms, narrowing toward the centre, is known as the “Maltese cross.”

Uman-ague is usually worn around the neck by members of the Ewua or by the Ohensa ( ). The equal-armed cross has various meanings: as a symbol of cosmic order, it represents the number four and references the “four cardinal points established by the High God Osanobua when he created the world” (Girshick Ben-Amos 1999, p. 64), as well as the “crossroads or junction that serves as the point of connection between the natural and spiritual worlds” ( ). Paula Girshick Ben-Amos ( ) also argues that when used on the Aken'ni Elao (altar tusk), the cross, together with the Ivie okpagbaru (royal bead), constitutes an “emblematic reference” to Ọba Ẹsigie.

The cross also references the Portuguese missionaries who brought Christianity to the Kingdom during the reign of Ọba Ẹsigie, although the symbol was already in use before the arrival of Europeans ( ). The Maltese cross is thought to have been introduced by Ọba Eresonyẹn as part of his efforts to encourage the worship of the High God Osanobua during his reign ( ; ). Regardless, Uman-ague is often associated with Ọba Ẹsigie.

1 annotation
Uman-ague

Provenance

5 events
Production
1504 (approximate) to 1550 (approximate)
The object was produced by Unknown member(s) of the Igun-Ẹrọnmwọn guild in Benin City.
Looted
February 19, 1897 (day approximate) to June 1899 (month approximate)
The object was looted by Unknown member of the British colonial military campaign on Benin - February 1897 from Benin Kingdom.
Unknown
1902 (approximate) to 1909
The object is known to have come into contact with William Ockelford Oldman, later in London.
Purchase
1909 to 1910
The object was purchased by the Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin from William Ockelford Oldman from London to Berlin.
Restitution
August 25, 2022
The object was restituted by the Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin to the Omo n'Oba n'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, Ọba of Benin & National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria through Hermann Parzinger and Abba Isa Tijani from Berlin to Nigeria.

Institution data

Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
The data was transferred directly by the institution.
Last updated: 2021-06-14
Language: german
Institution fieldValue
ID
object id
214782
Sachbegriff
designation
Sachbegriff: Reliefplatte
Titel
designation
Objektref.
description
E 1573/1909, Erwerbung: a.) III/5/1910 + b.) IV/4/1910: a.) III A 2796, III C 23949-70, III E 13557-13559 + b.) VI 29158-29170 (Queensland, Melanesien, Polynesien), Ankauf Oldman, London, 1909, William Ockelford Oldman (1913); III C 23963, Schild, Metall
Texte Online
description
Online Beschreibung, "Bronze-Buckel."Form: Eine Scheibe mit Nagellöchern und einem Kuppelförmigen Aufsatz in der MitteErhaltungszustand: Etwas deformiert und schadhaft. [Benin_Königreich]
Material / Technik
material
Material: Bronze; Material: Messing; Ausgabe: Bronze
Material / Technik // Alle
material
Bronze, Bronze, Messing
Maße
dimensions
D: 9 cm; 3,50 x 9,00 x 9,00 cm
Objekttyp
object type
Allgemein
Sachbegr. Ausgabe
object type
Reliefplatte (Fragment) (Relief plaque)
Anzahl Teile
object count
1
Datierung
date made
16. Jh. (?)
Geogr. Bezüge
production place
Nigeria ( Land/Region ); Benin ( Königreich )
Geogr. Bezüge // Alle
production place
Nigeria, Benin
Beteiligte
prior source
William Ockelford Oldman (1913), Sammler
Beteiligte // (Name, Sortierung=kleinste)
prior source
Oldman, William Ockelford
Veräußerer
prior source
null
Erwerb. Notiz
provenance
Notiz: Rückführung Leipzig; Ausgabe: 16. Jh., im Auftrag von Oba Esigie (reg. 1517-1550) oder seines Sohnes Oba Orhogbua (reg. 1550-1570), Königspalast, Benin-Stadt; durch Erbschaft an Oba Ovonramwen (ca. 1857-1914; reg. 1888-97), Königspalast, Benin-Stadt; geplündert im Zusammenhang mit der britischen Eroberung von Benin, 1897; in unbekanntem Besitz nach Feb. 1897; erworben von William O. Oldman vom Königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde Berlin, 1909.
Verw. Institution
department and institution
Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Erwerb. Datum
accession date
1910
Besitzart
accession method
Erwerbungsart
accession method
Ankauf
Digital Assets
images
III C 23963.JPG, Repro Digitalisat; III C 23963.jpg, Repro Digitalisat
Erwerb. Nr.
III/5/1910
Ident. Nr.
object id
III C 23963
Ident. Nr. // (Sortiernr.)
object id
0003 C 23963
Obj. Status
vorhanden
Sensitive Content

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